GMU:BioArt WS16/Microorganisms, symbiosis and fermentation: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 21:04, 25 October 2016
analysis of grown bacteria and fungi
Life timeline
Kingdom
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Protista
- Archaea
- Bacteria
Prokaryotes and Eucaryotes
Microorganisms
Bacteria
“Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,[4] and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria)
“There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria)
“Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria)
Yeasts
“Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. .. Yeasts are unicellular organisms which evolved from multicellular ancestors,[5] with some species having the ability to develop multicellular characteristics by forming strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae or false hyphae. .. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Candida albicans
Fermentation
“Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired.”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing)
“By fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic beverages.”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast)
Yogurt
“Yogurt is produced using a culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria. In addition, other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are also sometimes added during or after culturing yogurt.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt)
“Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus can be found naturally in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals living in Bulgaria.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus)
Kombucha
“Kombucha is produced by fermenting tea using a "symbiotic 'colony' of bacteria and yeast" (SCOBY). Actual contributing microbial populations in SCOBY cultures vary, but the yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces (a probiotic fungus) and other species, and the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic and other acids.”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha)
Discourses
Symbiosis
“I love the fact that human genomes can be found in only about 10 percent of all the cells that occupy the mundane space I call my body; the other 90 percent of the cells are filled with the genomes of bacteria, fungi, protists, and such, some of which play in a symphony necessary to my being alive at all, and some of which are hitching a ride and doing the rest of me, of us, no harm.” — Donna Haraway
Human microbiota
"Microbes inhabit just about every part of the human body, living on the skin, in the gut, and up the nose. Sometimes they cause sickness, but most of the time, microorganisms live in harmony with their human hosts, providing vital functions essential for human survival." (NIH 2012)
"The human body contains trillions of microorganismsoutnumbering human cells by 10 to 1. Because of their small size, however, microorganisms make up only about 1 to 3 percent of the body's mass (in a 200pound adult, that's 2 to 6 pounds of bacteria), but play a vital role in human health." (NIH 2012)
"Where doctors had previously isolated only a few hundred bacterial species from the body, HMP researchers now calculate that more than 10,000 microbial species occupy the human ecosystem." (NIH 2012)
“During the course of the evolution of mitosis, photosynthetic plastids (themselves derived from prokaryotes) were symbiotically acquired by some of these protozoans to form the eukaryotie algae and the green plants.” (Margulis 1966)
“Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes (1.5 billion years ago). It states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiosis between separate single-celled organisms (Lynn Margulis theory)” (Haraway 2008)
“Species interdependence is the name of the worlding game on earth, and that game must be one of response and respect. That is the play of companion species learning to pay attention. Not much is excluded from the needed play, not technologies, commerce, organisms, landscapes, peoples, practices.” (Haraway 2008)
“Organisms are ecosystems of genomes, consortia, communities, partly digested dinners, mortal boundary formations.” (Haraway 2008)
“Because I become with dogs, I am drawn into the multispecies knots that they are tied into and that they retie by their reciprocal action. My premise is that touch ramifies and shapes accountability.” (Haraway 2008)
Chthulucene
Chthulucene is a multispecies assemblages that include people within past, present, and future. The idea of Haraway is that Anthropocene marks rather a boundary and not an epoch as widely accepted.
“Of course, from the start the greatest planetary terraformers (and reformers) of all have been and still are bacteria and their kin, also in inter/intra-action of myriad kinds (including with people and their practices, technological and otherwise).” (Haraway 2015)
“Kin is an assembling sort of word. All critters share a common “flesh,” laterally, semiotically, and genealogically.” (Haraway 2015)
Industrial/artistic use of microorganisms
Henk Jonkers (Delft University)
Concrete, bacteria (Sporosarcina pasteurii), calcium lactate
“[Concrete] is prone to cracking. The brainchild of a microbiologist, an alternative material has been developed that is capable of automatically filling any fissures that appear over time. It is made by adding specialized bacteria to concrete. .. A select group of extremorphiles not only thrive in barren conditions but also naturally produce limestone. This ability can be harnessed to seal holes and strengthen weak areas.” (Bio Design) “The self-healing material would lower the cost of remediation work and delay the requirement for rebuilding, as well as reduce the demand for cement, which currently contributes more than 5 percent to the world’s human generated carbon dioxide emissions.” (Bio Design)
CUHK Biochemistry Students
- Bioencryption, http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/cpr/pressrelease/101124e.htm
Modified bacteria (Escherichia coli), encryption methods
“The iGEM team created a digital storage system that uses the combination of molecules used in the DNA base pairs: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and Thymine. Bioencryption involves a method of breaking data up into small strings of code, not unlike the way in which a hard drive splits information into sectors for easy storage and recovery. With chunks of information sprinkled among the five million or so different base pairs in a single molecule of DNA, information can be compressed to a fantastic level, given the minuscule size of bacterium: 40 million or more can inhabit a gram of soil. .. If the technology can be developed fully, it could be used to protect and store vast amounts of data, thanks to the natural redundancy of such prolific and robust species” (Bio Design)
Nurit Bar-Shai
- Objectivity, http://www.nuritbarshai.com/objectivity/
Bacteria (Paenibacilus vortex), agar, nutrients, petri dishes
“In visualizing biological systems of self-organization, it is possible to detect surprising complexity and to achieve dramatically varied results with only slight alterations in the initial environment. .. These pieces examine the decision making of living, performative objects that ‘grow images’ as a sculptural form. .. These microorganisms possess advanced social motility, employing cell to cell signaling to prompt activities such as attraction and repulsion under different environmental conditions. .. Once the bacteria have grown into patterns, prompted by the dispersal of nutrients, they are made visible with dye that also halts their growth.” (Bio Design)
Anne Brodie
- Exploring the Invisible, http://www.annebrodie.com/exploringtheinvisible/
Glas, bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum), Petri dishes, discarded glassware, china cups, camera equipment, film
“Among the outcomes of Exploring the Invisible, which spanned several months, was a one-night exhibit of glass objects and a two-day participatory photo booth project. The brief installation in the Herb Garrett in London questioned the role of certain items in our daily lives. A range of old glassware and vases that had been filled with nutrient agar inoculated with Photopacterium phosphoreum were put on display. The bacteria live for around 36 hours, glowing for a brief period during that time and highlighting the impermanence of use of the items. Unsuited for experiments, the microorganisms, along with the recently orphaned objects, magnify the precariousness of fashion and habits.” (Bio Design)
Tarsh Bates
- THE UNSETTLING EROS OF CONTACT ZONES, https://tarshbates.com/portfolio/t-he-unsettling-eros-of-contact-zones-2015/
Organic artisanal white bread leavened with Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brie, blue cheese, hummus
“Many of the foods we consume are produced with or contain a variety of microorganisms, including the basics: cheese, bread, milk, and beer. The artist offers bread leavened with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, brie, blue cheese and hummus to share, inviting consideration of assumptions about microorganism, our bodies and the food we consume.” (https://tarshbates.com/portfolio/t-he-unsettling-eros-of-contact-zones-2015/)
Maja Smrekar
Maya YogHurt / Hu.M.C.C., http://www.mayayoghurt.net/
“Hu.M.C.C.- Human Molecular Colonization Capacity project dwells on the food industry biotechnological production that is in its final form represented as a highly designed yogurt package, containing the product of an artist´s enzyme, which is offered to the public to consume while at the same time the package is represented as a hybrid art readymade object exhibited in a gallery. The project stands as a social darwinism experience set paraphrased within the realm of industrial food chain process.” (http://www.mayayoghurt.net/)
Synthesis of bacterial cellulose/paper from kombucha scoby
"A symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast, or SCOBY is a popular term (rather than scientific) used to refer to mixed cultures of bacteria and yeast present during production of kombucha. The term "colony" in the name is a scientific misnomer, because it implies a group of genetically identical or nearly identical organisms living together." (wikipedia 2015)
Yeast and bacteria commonly found in SCOBY include: Acetobacter species, Gluconacetobacter species, Saccharomyces species, Gluconacetobacter xylinus and other bacteria and yeasts.
We will try isolating Gluconacetobacter xylinus, anaerobic bacteria that ferments alcohols and produces cellulose.
- anahatabalance (2007)
- openwetware (2015)
- Kulkarni, P.K., Anil Dixit, S., Singh, U.B. (2012)
Media
Preparation of Acetobacter Media (http://openwetware.org/wiki/Acetobacter_Xylinum_Culture)
To prepare ∼500 ml of liquid Acetobacter media, add the following:
- Glucose - 10 g
- Peptone - 2.5 g
- Yeast extract - 2.5 g
- Na2HPO4 - 1.35 g
- Citric acid - 0.75 g
- Distilled water - 500 ml
- If you are making plates, use the same protocol but add 7.5 g of agar.
Gallery
References
- anahatabalance (2007). Kombucha Brewing Instructions. Available at http://www.instructables.com/id/Kombucha-Brewing-Instructions/ (accessed 29 November 2015)
- Haraway, Donna (2008) WHEN SPECIES MEET
- Haraway, Donna (2015). "Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin" in Environmental Humanities, vol. 6, pp. 159-165
- Hehn, Rebekka (2015). BioFabrication
- Kulkarni, P.K., Anil Dixit, S., Singh, U.B. (2012). Evaluation of Bacterial Cellulose Produced Form Acetobacter xylinum as Pharmaceutical Excipient
- Margulis, Lynn (1966). "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells" in J. Theoret. Biol. (1967) 14, 225-274
- Myers, William (2013). Bio Design, Thames & Hudson
- NIH (2012) NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body
- openwetware (2015). Acetobacter Xylinum Culture. Available at http://openwetware.org/wiki/Acetobacter_Xylinum_Culture (Accessed 29 November 2015)
- wikipedia (2015). SCOBY. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCOBY (Accessed 29 November 2015)