GMU:Bioelectronics, aesthetics and other interesting things/Smin Kim: Difference between revisions

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+	A lichen is a composite organism that algae or (and) cyanobacteria living together in fungus. algae or (and) cyanobacteria produce food for fungus by photosynthesis. And fungus protect algae or (and) cyanobacteria from the environment, fungus gather also moisture and nutrition from the environment. They have a good symbiotic relationship.
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+	Lichens occur from sea level to high alpine elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface. Different kinds of lichens have adapted to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth: arctic tundra, hot dry deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. They can even live inside solid rock, growing between the grains. Some lichens do not grow on anything, living out their lives blowing about the environment. It is estimated that 6% of Earth's land surface is covered by lichen.
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+<h4>distinguish points of Lichen</h4>
-A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship. The combined life form has properties that are very different from the properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Lichens may have tiny, leafless branches (fruticose), flat leaf-like structures (foliose), flakes that lie on the surface like peeling paint (crustose),or other growth forms.
+. Lichen can live a vary wide range of environmental conditions. They can grow on almost any surface. Different kinds of lichen have adapted to survive in the most extreme ecological conditions. Even they can survive in space station outside of earth.
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+. Lichen takes up a huge amount of carbon dioxide from the air which is released by the burning of forests and other biomass. Max Planck institute of Chemistry discovers that lichens, mosses and algae take up approximately 14 billion tons of carbon dioxide and fix approximately 50 million tons of Nitrogen per year. The especially huge amount of Nitrogen fixed by them and nitrogen is often limiting nutrients all around world especially dry regions. Thus Nitrogen is one of the important nutrient for the ecosystem. [1]
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-Lichens occur from sea level to high alpine elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.
+. Lichen often has extremely slow growth rate of less than a millimeter per year. Different lichen species have been measured to grow as slowly as 0.5 mm per year and as fast as 50 centimeters per year [2]
-Different kinds of lichens have adapted to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth: arctic tundra, hot dry deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. They can even live inside solid rock, growing between the grains. Some lichens do not grow on anything, living out their lives blowing about the environment. It is estimated that 6% of Earth's land surface is covered by lichen.
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-<h4>Symbiotic relation</h4>
+. Distinct physical mechanisms by which lichens break down the raw stone, recent studies indicate lichens attack stone chemically, entering newly chelated minerals into the ecology. [3]
-A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments (hyphae) of a fungus in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship. The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it.
-Evidence that lichens are examples of successful symbiosis is the fact that lichens can be found in almost every habitat and geographic area on the planet. Two species in two genera of green algae are found in over 35% of all lichens, but can only rarely be found living on their own outside of a lichen.
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-<h4>Growth rate</h4>
-Lichens often have a regular but very slow growth rate of less than a millimeter per year. Different lichen species have been measured to grow as slowly as 0.5 mm, and as fast as 0.5 meter per year.
-In crustose lichens, the area along the margin is where the most active growth is taking place. Most crustose lichens grow only 1–2 mm in diameter per year.
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-Source form Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
+>> References<br>
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen
+[1] Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, www.mpg.de/9324146/lichens-mosses-nitrous-oxide<br>
+[2] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen#Growth_rate<br>
+[3] Chen, Jie; Blume, Hans-Peter; Beyer, Lothar (1 September 1999). "Weathering of rocks induced by lichen colonization<br> - a review" (PDF). Catena - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Soil Science (Elsevier) (Catena 39 2000 121–146): 124. Retrieved 21 March 2015.