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*Luhmann, Niklas (1984). Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Suhrkamp. | *Luhmann, Niklas (1984). Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Suhrkamp. | ||
*Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (1980). ''Mille plateaux''. Translation ''A Thousand Plateaus'' (1987) | *Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (1980). ''Mille plateaux''. Translation ''A Thousand Plateaus'' (1987) | ||
*The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 | |||
*Human Genome Project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003 | |||
==Actor network theory== | ==Actor network theory== | ||
The Actor network theory (ANT) was developed by Bruno Latour back in 80s. The idea comes from a sociologic point of view, where Bruno Latour distinguishes the traditional meaning of social (=human, community focussed) adding to it other non-human "actors" like objects or activities like law, science, technology, etc. | The Actor network theory (ANT) was developed by Bruno Latour back in 80s. The idea comes from a sociologic point of view, where Bruno Latour distinguishes the traditional meaning of social (=human, community focussed) adding to it other non-human "actors" like objects or activities like law, science, technology, etc. | ||
*Latour proposes two positions which distinguishes traditional sociology from the ANT perspective. The first one could be compared with Niklas Luhmann social systems and the other with Deleuzian rhizomatic systems. | *Latour proposes two positions which distinguishes traditional sociology from the ANT perspective. The first one could be compared with Niklas Luhmann social systems (affairs) and the other with Deleuzian rhizomatic systems (associations). | ||
*Latour proposes three test cases to define ANT approach to social: 1) should include non-humans, 2) shouldn't explain the state of affairs, and 3) reassemblance of social instead of deconstruction | *Latour proposes three test cases to define ANT approach to social: 1) should include non-humans, 2) shouldn't explain the state of affairs, and 3) reassemblance of social instead of deconstruction | ||