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Historical and modern bricks,
structural ceramics
and their raw materials
Analyses of damage,
which was caused by building materials, derivative from
measures to the damage repair, investigation bodys of the ware, glazes, engobes,
investigation of raw materials and optimization of formulae of ceramic compositions and products
1. Bricks/structural ceramics
(brick, roofing tile, terra-cotta, tiles)
material composition/
chemical-mineralogical condition:
- humidity content
- chemical analysis
- total carbonate content
- water-soluble salts
- X-ray analysis
- differential thermal analysis
- expansion coefficient
by means of dilatometry
- investigation of structures
by means of light microscopy (stereomicroscopy, thin section microscopy,
automatic image analysis)
- scanning electron microscopy
(ESMA, ESEM)
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| automatic image analysis (photo: Chr. Meyer) |
technically physical parameters
- water absorption
- bulk density
- open porosity
- pure density
- total porosity
- pore distribution and total porosity
by means of high-pressure mercury porosimetry and automatic image analysis
- sorption and desorption behavior,
saturation dampness
- hygric dilatation
- water vapor diffusion resistance coefficient
- capillary water absorption behavior and/or
water desorption behavior
- ultrasonic investigations,
dynamic elastic modulus
- flexural strength
- compressive strength
- water by dripping behavior
of roofing tiles
- water sucking in behavior
by means of Karsten' test tubes
- laboratory-technical simulation of the weathering
(salt migration, freeze and freeze/de-icing salt resistance)
2. Raw material and mass investigations
material investigations:
- chemical analysis
- total carbonate content
- water-soluble salts
- X-ray analysis
- differential thermal analysis
- dilatation-shrinking behaviour by means of dilatometry
- grain size analysis
(sieve and sedimentation analysis)
ceramic-technological investigations:
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| laboratory furnace for burning bricks (photo: Chr. Meyer)
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- preparation/homogenization/sample division
- production of samples
with laboratory extrusion press
- mixing water requirement
- drying shrinking
- dry flexure strength
- laboratory fire in the gradient furnace
or Nabatherm furnace, smalltechnical fire in the Riethammer furnace
- firing shrinking/total shrinking
- water absorption, bulk density,
open porosity
- pure density, total porosity
- flexural strength
- mass loss
- water-soluble salts
of burned samples
- mineral phase development
of burned samples by means of X-ray analysis
- investigations of the structure
of burned samples
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